One night in July, 1964, the logician Lotfi Zadeh found himself alone in his parents’ New York apartment, his dinner plans cancelled. At the time, Zadeh later wrote, he was doing “a lot of thinking ...

When Aristotle and his predecessors devised their theories of logic and mathematics, they came up with the so-called Law of the Excluded Middle, which states that every proposition must either be true ...

Algebraic structures provide formal frameworks characterised by sets equipped with operations and relations that satisfy specified axioms. Fuzzy logic systems extend classical two-valued logic by ...

We need the best approaches we can find for kids in class now: Teachers and students can’t wait years for new research. Getty Images We need “new ways to measure how well our kids think, not how well ...

From the NY Times, an article “As Math Scores Lag, a New Push for the Basics” about rethinking the teaching of “fuzzy math” in American schools. “The changes are being driven by students’ lagging ...